Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Diverse Plant Extracts against Microbial Species: A Review

Abstract

Microbial biofilms, composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pose significant threats to food safety, healthcare systems, and industrial environments due to their resistance to conventional antimicrobial treatments. These biofilms are protective barriers for pathogens, contributing to persistent infections and contamination challenges. The escalating concern of antibiotic resistance necessitates exploring alternative strategies, with plantderived bioactive compounds emerging as promising candidates. This review critically examines the antibiofilm efficacy of diverse plant extracts, focusing on their mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of exopolysaccharide synthesis, extracellular matrix disruption, and interference with microbial adhesion. Through an extensive analysis of recent studies, this review highlights the potent antibiofilm properties of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and essential oils, positioning plant-based antimicrobials as sustainable and effective alternatives for biofilm management. The findings underscore the potential of plant extracts in developing innovative strategies for controlling biofilm-associated infections in medical, food, and environmental applications.