Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy

Multi-Faceted Exploration of Lignocellulosic Biomass: From Physicochemical Fundamental to Advanced Bioconversion and Waste Valorization Techniques

Mahjabin M, Megha M, Ananya Mathpal, Yuvraj Yadav — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

One of the world's most abundant and renewable resources, lignocellulosic biomass has vast potential for the development of sustainable material and energy. This review will take a multi-faceted approach to the exploration of lignocellulosic biomass, starting with the physicochemical fundamentals, including its complex structural components: cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. These components pose significant challenges to its efficient utilization, demanding advanced pretreatment and bioconversion technologies. Advanced bioconversion processes are addressed, such as using microbial and chemical processes to utilize biomass to form useful products like chemicals, biofuels, and bio-based materials. Additionally, waste valorization techniques are looked at, recovering high-value compounds from lignocellulosic residues to reduce waste and enhance economic viability. By combining physicochemical insights with advanced bioprocessing and valorization strategies, this paper outlines a holistic approach toward the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into sustainable solutions, addressing both environmental and economic concerns.

Transformation of Sugarcane Bagasse into Future Fuels: The Promise of Ethyl Levulinate

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a bio-based compound obtained from biomass feedstocks useful as a fuel additive, solvent, and precursor of value-added chemicals. The synthesis, characteristics, and industrial applications of EL are reviewed here, with special attention to green chemistry and renewable energy. Methods of production, such as acid-catalyzed esterification, are compared with improvements in catalysts and process optimization. The physicochemical properties, the environmental advantages, and issues of large-scale production of EL are emphasized. More research would be required to promote efficiency and commercial feasibility in supporting its sustainable production of chemicals.

Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Derived Nanoparticles for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Restoration

Saumya Agrawal, Mohit Gururani, Rajat malik, Kusuma Kumari Panda — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nanotechnology presents transformative solutions to global agricultural and environmental concerns, with plantderived nanoparticles emerging as sustainable and long-lasting alternatives to chemically generated counterparts. This review explores the synthesis, characteristics, and numerous applications of green nanoparticles, with a special emphasis on their role in different aspects of life. Green nanoparticles, which are generated from plants, fungi , and other biological systems, have distinct catalytic, electrical, and thermal properties, making them particularly successful in sectors such as biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. Plant-derived nanoparticles in agriculture foster crop development, reduce abiotic stress, and elevate disease resistance, lowering the need for toxic chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Nanofertilizers and nanobiopesticides provide precision distribution while reducing chemical residues and boosting environmental sustainability. Moreover, these nanoparticles assist in environmental rehabilitation, displaying the ability to absorb heavy metals and organic contaminants from water and thereby restore polluted ecosystems. This article emphasizes the increasing interest in biologically manufactured nanoparticles due to their environmental accessibility, costeffectiveness and compliance with sustainable practices while acknowledging the issues with scalability of green synthesis, nanoparticle toxicity and long-term consequences. It concludes by discussing the future research objectives and broader implications of green nanotechnology in resolving global issues.

Growth promotion and response of staple crops to inoculation with Azospirillum: A review

Rishabh Goel, Rachana Singh — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Azospirillum, a genus of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, has garnered increasing attention for its pivotal role in sustainable agriculture. It has the capability to increase yield in many crops of agronomic importance especially staple crops by various mechanisms. This review explores the diverse potential of Azospirillum spp. in farming, examining how different crops respond to these bacteria. A key focus of this review is Azospirillum 's ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable nitrogen for plant which boosts soil nutrients and helps plants grow better. Besides nitrogen fixation, the paper discusses many other benefits linked to Azospirillum spp., such as phytohormones production for plant growth promotion, enhancing plant stress tolerance, and ultimately helping farming stay sustainable and strong. This review thoroughly investigates the effect of Azospirillum inoculation on staple crops including wheat, maize, rice and sugarcane. It explores the complex relationships these crops have developed with Azospirillum spp., uncovering numerous advantages of these interactions.

Identification of Conserved Regions in HIV-1 DNA Mutational Patterns Using Multiple Sequence Alignment

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) targets and weakens the immune system. If left untreated, it can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition marked by a high viral load and increased infectiousness. Without treatment, individuals with AIDS typically survive about three years. While there is no cure for HIV, it can be managed effectively with proper medical care. This study focuses on identifying conserved regions within the genetic and protein sequences of HIV-1 from large-scale data. By leveraging multiple sequence alignment and machine learning techniques, conserved regions in the mutational patterns of HIV-1 are identified. These conserved regions hold significant potential for the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in development of vaccine.

Role of Knowledge and Innovation-driven Bioeconomy towards Sustainable Development: A Futuristic Perspective

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Biotechnology being heart of ‘biobased economy’ is the major reason for the present-day bio-based innovations, offering solutions to global challenges ranging from food, feed, energy, medicine thereby, addressing basic requirements of humankind to the worldwide epidemic, relevantly explicated by recent Covid-19 pandemic. Developing biobased economy using ecoefficient and renewable bioresources is strategic challenge for present day. ‘Biotechnology’ as ‘Knowledge and Innovation driven Bioeconomy’, mentioned by National mandates for 2025, target the nation to stand as a global biotechnology hub, forecasting 100 bn $ bio-based economy with over 10 million jobs, requiring defined strategies and implementation action plan. This article emphasizes on current state of biotechnology-based economy, building industry-ready graduates and defining majors to combat key challenges towards achieving circular biobased economy with resource management targeting sustainable development.

Biotechnological Approaches and Policy Frameworks for Sustainable Management of Cosmetic Waste in India

Tanu Allen, Aansh Chadha, Neeta Bhagat, Preeti Mehta Kakkar, Sohini Singh — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cosmetic waste is a toxic waste from the ever-evolving cosmetics and personal care market, that threatens environmental and health problems with complex components containing heavy metals, surfactants, preservatives, microplastics, and synthetic polymers. It classifies present treatment technologies into physical (filtration, sedimentation, adsorption), chemical (coagulation-flocculation, oxidation, advanced oxidation processes), and biological (aerobic digestion, enzyme-based approaches, constructed wetlands) options, highlighting the demand for more integrated and sustainable solutions. Key issues like insufficient biodegradability, lack of regulatory enforcement, and improper waste segregation are reported. Comparative regulatory frameworks around the world of USA, EU, and China are discussed with the existing legal provisions of India under CPCB and MoEFCC. The review also discusses emerging circular economy initiatives, resource recovery, biochar generation, nanotechnology, and collaborations within the industry (PPP).

Sustainable Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from unused and expired antibiotics

Sanjana Sarma, Ridhima R, Harsh Singh, Rajashree Das — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This review summarizes that methodology of bioactive compounds for sustainable recovery by the principles of circular economy, green chemistry and advanced waste management. Ecological damages are mitigated by the use of incineration, chemical treatment of waste and filtration of wastewater. The 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), Waste to Energy (WTE) and thirdly, reducing cost through resource use are more sustainable lab practices. Emerging technologies like AI driven waste monitoring should be used to treat and improve their efficacy. To contribute in economic growth and to prevent environment, sustainable recovery strategies are designed to regulate compliance for better future.

Novel Strategies Based on Bioactive Compounds And Biopolymer Coatings To Prevent Food Losses: A Sustainable Approach

Arjun Sharma, Saumya Agrawal, Praveen Dahiya, Sumedha Mohan — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Food wastage is a critical global issue, exacerbated by population growth and shifting consumption patterns. Despite advancements in sustainable food production, nearly one-third of all food crops produced are wasted, severely impacting environmental sustainability, economic stability, and public health. This wastage is particularly detrimental to farmers in underdeveloped nations, where spoilage leads to significant income losses. Food degradation occurs throughout the supply chain due to several factors such as high moisture content, poor storage conditions and microbial activity. The widespread use of chemical agents in agriculture and food industries raises concerns about environmental and human health risks, necessitating sustainable alternatives. Plant extracts, rich in bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, offer a promising natural approach to food preservation. Extracts from rosemary, clove, and thyme, among others, have shown potential in preventing spoilage, extending shelf life, and enhancing nutritional content. Additionally, emerging innovations such as nanotechnology and biopolymer coating provide further opportunities for sustainable food preservation. This review examines the causes of food spoilage, the efficacy of plantbased bioactive compounds, and novel preservation technologies, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly strategies to mitigate food waste and enhance global food security. By promoting sustainable food preservation, we can reduce environmental impact and support a more resilient food system.

Microbial Alchemy: Waste valorization for yeast oil production for a circular future

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The growing demand for sustainable solutions has driven researchersto exploremicrobial solutions for oil production using waste feedstock, enabling its valorization via oleaginous yeast strains. Depending on species and cultivation conditions these microbesaccumulate over 50% lipidsof their total cellularbiomass, by using various carbon sources from organic waste. This microbial-driven process not only reduces environmental burdens associated with waste disposal but also presents an eco-friendly alternative to conventional palm oil. By harnessing these microbes, industries can integrate circular economy principles, converting agricultural, industrial, and food waste into renewable lipid sources for biofuels, cosmetics, nutraceutical and food applications. This study explores various waste utilization approaches, the applications and challenges of yeast-derived oils, and future prospects, contributing to a more resource-efficient and sustainable future.

Harnessing Enzymes from Halophiles for Sustainable Biofuel Production

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Halophiles are a class of extremophiles that growin salty environments. They have emerged as a valuable repository of many polyextremophilic enzymes, finding diverse industrial applications. Enzymes used in industry must remain stable in challenging operating environments. In this context, the enzymes from extremophiles can be of great use because they are resistant to and capable of catalysis under extreme physical conditions. Halophilic enzymes show great potential for use in industrial applications that involve high salt or hypersaline conditions. Additionally, they have been optimized to function under polyextreme conditions, such as high pH, temperature, and the presence of hydrophobic solvents. Numerous studies have emphasized the wide range of biotechnological applications for these enzymes.Cellulase, xylanase, laccase, lipase, and amylases from halophiles have shown potential for biofuel production. Halophilic cellulase is a primary enzyme that can help in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuel under harsh conditions. They have also shown tolerance to ionic liquids that can be utilized for the efficient conversion of biomass. Other than halophilic enzymes, halophilic biomasses of microbes, algae, seaweed, and halophytes hold great potential for biofuel production. Bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, biomethane, and biohydrogen production have been reported by the utilization of biomass of halophiles. Thus, halophiles and their polyextremophilic enzymes hold good potential for biofuel production, and further systematic research and development can be useful for the biorefinery approach.

Navigating the Tropical Fat Landscape: A Review Integrating Scientific Research and Ayurvedic Perspectives

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This review integrates Ayurvedic viewpoints, critically evaluates the metabolic impact, and acknowledges the limits of existing research in order to objectively evaluate the health impacts of tropical fats (clarified butter, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and palm oil). Dietary recommendations have always advised against consuming saturated fat, but new evidence casts doubt on this advice. The review investigates the potential effects on health outcomes of different types of saturated fat and the overall dietary environment. It also explores the variations in how virgin and processed coconut oil affect metabolism, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensiveknowledge. The way different people react to saturated fats is influenced by their genetic makeup. The body's ability to metabolize dietary lipids is impacted by insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, which further muddies the waters. Further insights can be gained from Ayurveda, whose dosha concept may correspond with individual variations in fat metabolism. Agni theory places a strong emphasis on the necessity of healthy digestion for the best possible fat usage. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to separate the effects of tropical fats from manufacturing impurities, and studies frequently concentrate only on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. These constraints should be addressed in future study, which should also investigate tailored techniques based on metabolic health, genetics, and maybe Ayurvedic dosha analysis. Establishing meaningful dietary suggestions requires an in-depth comprehension of tropical fats in the bigger picture of someone's dietary pattern.

Recent Trends and Future Prospects of Robotic Surgery in Health Care

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Robotic surgery has transformed modern medical procedures by integrating surgical precision with advanced technological innovation. This review traces its evolution from early robotic systems of the 1980s and 1990s to present-day platforms incorporating laparoscopy, telerobotics, artificial intelligence (AI), haptic feedback, and real-time imaging. Between 2013 and 2023, the field witnessed rapid innovation, including the development of modular, portable, single-port, and multi-arm robotic configurations tailored to diverse surgical needs. Ergonomic improvements and enhanced user interfaces have contributed to surgeon comfort, while semi-autonomous and autonomous systems, enabled by advanced path-planning algorithms, point toward a future of greater surgical autonomy. The potential of nanorobotics further expands the frontier of minimally invasive interventions. However, the rapid pace of development also raises ethical, legal, and safety concerns that must be addressed. This review highlights recent progress, current capabilities, and the future potential of robotic surgery, emphasizing its transformative impact and the interdisciplinary efforts required to ensure its responsible implementation.

Sustainable Degradation of Plastic and Pharmaceutical Waste using Fungal Strains Based Strategies

Ritwika Chowdhury, Mansi Tyagi, Yadvi Pandita, Anjali Saxena, Biswajit Saha — Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The persistent accumulation of plastic and pharmaceutical waste in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems presents a significant environmental challenge. Conventional treatment methods—such as landfilling, incineration, and chemical recycling—are often limited by inefficiency, high energy demands, and secondary pollution. In this context, fungal-based bioremediation has emerged as a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative. This review comprehensively explores the role of filamentous and ligninolytic fungi in the degradation of synthetic polymers and pharmaceutically active compounds, with a focus on their enzymatic mechanisms, environmental adaptability, and metabolic versatility. Case studies involving strains such as Fusarium solani, Penicillium brevicompactum, Bjerkanderaadusta, and Fomitopsismeliae demonstrate high degradation efficiencies through enzymatic pathways involving laccases, peroxidases, and hydrolases. We also examine the environmental and economic implications of fungal bioremediation through the lens of life cycle assessment (LCA), industrial feasibility, and regulatory alignment. Despite challenges in scalability and environmental control, future prospects include genetic engineering, bioreactor development, and microbial consortia for enhanced biodegradation. This review positions fungi as pivotal agents in the global transition toward circular economy models and sustainable waste management.