Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy

Recent Advances in PFAS Removal from Water: A Mini Review of Treatment Strategies

J. Vinothini — 2026-03-27

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are forever chemicals with strong, unbreakable C-F bonds, posing a serious environmental and global health concern. The Environmental protection agency has regulated and implemented the strict permissible levels of PFAS in water matrices to prevent it from causing further damage. The source, occurrence and toxicity of PFAS was briefly reported to understand the need for its removal and degradation from water sources. Various removal strategies are adopted for the removal and degradation of PFAS among which the mini review focuses on the advanced methods like adsorption, membrane filtration, and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) and providing an insight into the methods' innovative approach to remove and degrade PFAS by incorporating different mechanisms. The innovative adsorbents like biochar, metal organic frameworks and conventional granular activated carbon removal efficiency and its limitation for short chain compounds were also emphasized. In case of membrane filtration, parameters increasing or impacting the rejection efficiency were reported. Destructive processes like AOP efficiency in defluorination of PFAS was discussed. The review also emphasises the need for the development of hybrid methods that could effectively degrade both long and short chain PFAS. Future scope and research direction insist on the development of methods that are scalable and cost-effective methods for PFAS and mitigating PFAS to achieve complete elimination.

Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Diverse Plant Extracts against Microbial Species: A Review

Jevanantham Senthamarai Kiruthika — 2026-03-27

Microbial biofilms, composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pose significant threats to food safety, healthcare systems, and industrial environments due to their resistance to conventional antimicrobial treatments. These biofilms are protective barriers for pathogens, contributing to persistent infections and contamination challenges. The escalating concern of antibiotic resistance necessitates exploring alternative strategies, with plantderived bioactive compounds emerging as promising candidates. This review critically examines the antibiofilm efficacy of diverse plant extracts, focusing on their mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of exopolysaccharide synthesis, extracellular matrix disruption, and interference with microbial adhesion. Through an extensive analysis of recent studies, this review highlights the potent antibiofilm properties of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and essential oils, positioning plant-based antimicrobials as sustainable and effective alternatives for biofilm management. The findings underscore the potential of plant extracts in developing innovative strategies for controlling biofilm-associated infections in medical, food, and environmental applications.

Machine Learning Approaches in Genomics: An In-Depth Review of Predictive and Diagnostic Applications for Genetic Disorders

Sabisanthoshni Mary — 2026-03-27

The rapid growth of machine learning (ML) is transforming how we study and interpret the results of genomic data, opening new possibilities for predicting and diagnosing genetic disorders. Genetic disorders have long posed a challenge for medicine, but recent advances in machine learning are giving us powerful new tools to understand and combat these conditions. In this review, we explore the ML techniques from traditional algorithms to advanced deep learning models are being used to analyze genetic variations, improve disease detection, and pave the way for precision medicine. The various research analysis also gives a complete examination of diverse ML techniques that are revolutionizing the field of genetic research. This review also highlights the methods that facilitate the detection of disease-associated genetic variants, improve the accuracy of genomic sequencing, and enable the classification of complex genetic disorders. At the same time, it also addresses challenges like data quality, model interpretability, and ethical concerns that come with integrating AI into genomics. ML algorithm also has an current knowledge to improve the exactness of diagnosis by analyzing the genomic data and identifying the patterns that are associated with diseases.

Integrating AI with Liquid Biopsy for Cancer Detection: A Review of Current Advances and Future Prospects

Sandhya Sindhu — 2026-03-27

Liquid biopsy is an innovative and non-invasive technique which helps to analyses the circulating tumour-derived materials, like circulating tumour DNA, Circulating Tumour Cells, and exosomes from the blood samples to detect and monitor cancer stages. Cancer causes of death worldwide, due to delayed diagnosis often results in poor treatment outcomes. This approach offers a faster, safer and alternative method for traditional tissue biopsies method. By understanding the Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms, AI enhances the sensitivity and specificity of liquid biopsy technologies. This review highlights the recent advancements techniques where AIdriven models such as DeepCNA, DELFI have demonstrated remarkable accuracy in early cancer detection, tumour classification, treatment guidance and post-treatment monitoring. In spite of successes, the challenges remain unexplored in the field of data quality issues, ethical concerns, and regulatory hurdles. Innovations in this field also allow for at-home cancer screening and even pre-symptomatic cancer detection. As we stand at the intersection of computational science and clinical oncology, the synergy between AI and liquid biopsy represent one of the most promising frontiers in precision medicine. This review highlights the comprehensive overview of current technologies, challenges, and future directions, underscores the transformative potential of AI-powered liquid biopsy in the fight against cancer.

Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Using Adina Cordifolia: In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Effects

Banuppriya Palani — 2026-03-27

Nanobiotechnology, a rapidly emerging field within nanomedicine, is gaining interest due to its potential to develop enhanced therapies. Further research is needed to improve the efficacy and safety of these medications. Synthesized A. cordifolia mediated Iron oxide nanoparticles (A. cordifolia-IONPs) were comprehensively characterized using various physicochemical techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy of the A. cordifolia plant extract exhibited distinct absorption red peaks at 400 and 430 nm. Then, synthesized IONPs with A. cordifolia exhibited distinct absorption peaks at 437 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which showed distinctive bands at 3217 cm⁻¹, 2972.6 cm⁻¹, 1648.8 cm⁻¹, 1568 cm⁻¹, 1326 cm⁻¹, 1154.3 cm⁻¹, 1024.3 cm⁻¹, 825 cm⁻¹, 691 cm⁻¹, and 420 cm⁻¹ that were compatible with the synthesis of IONPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the material had an orthorhombic, average crystalline size of 36.06 nm, and a structural study showed that it had a smooth surface in spherical shape with a particle size of about 43.5 nm. A. cordifolia mediated IONPs inhibit α-amylase concentration-dependently, ranging from 30- 77.4% (IC50 value of 26.360 μg/mL; 26.360 μg: R2 = 0.986). The β-glucosidase assay shows a dose-dependent inhibition range of 15.7-84.7% at concentrations of 10-50 μg/mL (IC50 25.705 μg/mL; R² 0.9433), with a statistically significant *** p-value < 0.0001. Followed by the antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic effect, as evaluated by the brine shrimp fatality experiment, was reduced. Exposed to greater amounts of the extract (40 and 80 μg/mL), the number of dead embryos was significantly (p < 0.01).

Molecular Docking Analysis of Repurposed HIV and Antiviral Drugs against Monkeypox Target Protein: Evaluating Docking Scores and Hydrogen Bond Interactions

Nor Akmalyati Sulong — 2026-03-27

The increasing threat of monkeypox has led to the exploration of novel treatment strategies, prompting this study to examine the potential repurposing of existing HIV and antiviral drugs. A novel in silico molecular docking approach was employed to facilitate drug discovery, utilizing a cost-effective and time-efficient method to predict drug-protein interactions. The study analyzed the binding affinities and hydrogen bond interactions of various HIV drugs (Atazanavir, Darunavir, Fosamprenavir, Lopinavir, and Ritonavir) and antiviral agents (Brincidovir, Favipiravir, Galidesivir, Remdesivir, and Ribavirin) against a specific monkeypox protein target (PDB ID: 8B07). The molecular docking workflow followed four key steps: target protein preparation, ligand preparation, docking simulation, and interaction visualization. HIV drugs demonstrated higher docking scores, with Lopinavir (-10.6) and Atazanavir (-10.1) emerging as leading candidates, whereas antiviral agents showed comparatively lower affinities, with Remdesivir achieving the highest score among them (-6.6). The novelty of this study lies in its rapid and cost-free screening methodology enabled by computational techniques, presenting an effective strategy for initial drug identification. The results indicate that Lopinavir and Atazanavir form stronger hydrogen bond interactions with the monkeypox protein target, highlighting their potential for therapeutic repurposing. This approach underscores the applicability of computer-aided drug design (CADD) for expedited drug-repurposing efforts, offering a viable alternative to conventional methods. In conclusion, the findings suggest that HIV drugs hold promise for monkeypox treatment. Further experimental and clinical validation of these predictions is crucial to confirm their therapeutic efficacy. This study provides a framework for applying similar drugrepurposing strategies to other emerging viral infections, potentially accelerating the drug discovery process and supporting public health efforts during outbreaks.

Assessing the Role of AI in Digital Image Manipulation and Facial Recognition: A Scientometric Analysis

Ashwin Santhosh — 2026-03-27

The swift progression of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the realm of computer vision, has notably enhanced the abilities of digital image editing and facial recognition technologies in various fields, including healthcare, security, and the preservation of cultural heritage. This research provides a scientometric evaluation of AI-fuelled advancements in facial recognition, image improvement, deepfake identification, and heritage categorization by reviewing literature published between 2016 and 2025 from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Utilizing VOSviewer and RStudio (Biblioshiny), we examined 418 documents to pinpoint significant research trends, prominent contributors, thematic groups, and international partnerships. The findings indicate that China, India, and the USA are at the forefront of scientific productivity, displaying a rise in global collaboration. Principal areas of interest encompass the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in medical diagnostics and cultural heritage classification, the creation of effective deepfake detection systems employing data augmentation and transfer learning, and the role of AI in forensic examination and digital restoration tasks. Co-occurrence and factorial analyses illustrate a significant alignment between technological advancements and practical uses while underscoring persistent issues related to algorithmic bias and ethical implementation. This study provides a thorough summary of the research landscape, highlights new areas of emphasis, and suggests pathways for future interdisciplinary inquiry and responsible advancement in AI-driven image technologies.

Comparative Codon Bias Analysis of WRKY Gene Family in Oryza sativa subsp. indica and japonica

Bevin Nishanth J — 2026-03-27

Codon usage bias (CUB) is an important molecular evolutionary feature shaped by various forces such as mutational pressure and natural selection. In this study, we performed a comprehensive codon usage bias analysis of WRKY transcription factor (TF) genes in Oryza sativa subsp. indica and japonica to explore their underlying evolutionary dynamics. A total of 109 and 128 valid WRKY CDSs were retrieved and analyzed respectively. Several indices including nucleotide composition, GC content, RSCU (Relative Synonymous Codon Usage), ENC (Effective Number of Codons), and neutrality plot analysis were used to assess the CUB patterns. Our results revealed that both subpopulations exhibited moderate codon bias, with the majority of genes displaying ENC values above 40, indicating weak bias. The ENC vs. GC3s plot showed most data points clustered around the expected curve, suggesting mutational pressure as the primary force shaping codon usage. Neutrality plot regression slopes (~0.28) and strong correlations between GC3 and GC12 further supported the dominance of mutational bias. PR2 plots demonstrated slight deviations in A/T and G/C proportions at the third codon position, indicating minor influences of natural selection. Additionally, correspondence analysis (COA) showed that the first axis, largely influenced by GC3s, explained over 90% of codon usage variation, reinforcing the role of base composition. Comparative analysis with existing literature highlighted that our findings align with previous reports on codon usage in stressresponsive gene families in rice. These results collectively suggest that although natural selection may play a minor role, mutational pressure predominantly governs codon usage patterns in WRKY TF genes of O. sativa, offering insights for evolutionary genomics and crop improvement.

Pharmacological Investigation of Asparagus racemosus and Boerhavia diffusa for Antidiabetic Activity in Dexamethasone-Induced Diabetic Rats

Deepak Meher — 2026-03-27

Diabetes is a disorder with improper metabolism, characterized by higher blood glucose levels. insulin resistance or deficiency of insulin. Boerhavia diffusa, Asparagus recemosus well well-known herbs in traditional medicine. We have evaluated its potential for claim for anti-diabetic action. Boerhavia diffusa, Asparagus racemosus were collected from the local region of Raipur. Extracted by using the hydroalcoholic method of extraction. Diabetes was induced by using dexamethasone, and different pathological markers were determined. Rats weighing between 200 - 250 g are selected for the study and divided randomly into six groups: normal, diabetic, standard (glibenclamide, 2.5 mg/kg), Boerhavia diffusa (200mg/kg), Asparagus racemosus extract (200mg/kg), and one group with both the test drugs. Dexamethasone was initially given for 10 days, followed by on day 11, treatment started for the next 14 days. Treatment was given for 14 days. The result shows a significant (P ˂ 0.05) improvement in glucose, lipid profile and liver function, creatinine, and antioxidant potential parameters. Results indicate that Boerhavia diffusa, Asparagus recemosus posses anti diabetic and lipid-lowering potential, findings which support its traditional claim for therapeutic uses

Performance Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Desmanthus sp. Extracts against Selected Pathogenic Strains

Gadikota Jahnaveswari — 2026-03-27

This study evaluates and compares the antibacterial properties of water and ethanol crude extracts from Desmanthus sp. with commercial antibiotics. Plant samples were collected, processed, and pulverized into powder form. Using a G power of 80% and a 95% confidence level, the study was conducted with two groups and five samples. The first extraction utilized a cold maceration technique with water as the solvent, producing a novel crude extract. The extracts underwent comprehensive characterization, including Gas chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, to identify active biomolecules and assess the potential of antimicrobial activity. The ethanol extract was statistically analyzed using a two-tailed t-test, revealing a p-value of 0.035, demonstrating significant antimicrobial efficacy. The results highlighted the physiological significance of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. For the first time, unique crude extracts of Desmanthus virgatus were obtained through ethanolic solvent extraction using a cold maceration technique, yielding promising antimicrobial activity. GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial assays further validated the potential of these extracts as effective alternatives to commercial antibiotics.

Global Regulatory Frameworks for Multiplex Genome Editing: A Bibliometric Analysis

Egambaram Gowtham — 2026-03-27

The demand for efficient and sustainable food production systems has increased due to the world’s growing population and shrinking arable lands. The creation of high-yielding, nutritionally improved, and stress-tolerant cultivars has become crucial in order to meet these challenges. With the introduction of sophisticated genome editing tools, particularly Multiplex Genome Editing (MGE). methods like CRISPR-Cas9, traditional breeding practices and early genetics alteration tactics have changed. These technologies provide promising strategies for enhancing crop resilience against pests, diseases, and environmental stressors by enabling precise and simultaneous changes at numerous genetic loci. This study uses bibliometric analysis to explore the landscape of MGE research in crop improvement using data from Web of Science and Scopus (2016- 2025), tools like VOSviewer and Bibliometrix in R studio are used to generate visualizations of collaboration networks, coauthorship, keywords trends, and citation patterns. The analysis reveals major research domains that are driving progress in the field, such as yield enhancement, trait stacking, metabolic engineering, and gene regulation, as well as leading authors, institutions, and journals that are driving this field. Therefore, a thorough bibliometric analysis of MGE in crop improvement utilizing CRISPR-cas9 over the last ten years is needed. The current efforts attempt to close this research gap by providing academics with multi-dimensional insights into current and future developments in the promising field.

Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactive Potential of Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Sumithira G — 2026-03-27

Oxidative stress and inflammation are predominant causes of chronic diseases, including various forms of cancer. Prevention of these processes is considered a key target for disease prevention due to their significant roles in degenerative disorders. Natural products and plant extracts have shown promise in preventing free radical-induced damage.This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Pennisetum purpureum (HAEPP). The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), and Total alkaloidal content (TAC). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antiinflammatory properties were assessed through nitric oxide inhibition, and cyclooxygenase inhibition assays. Anticancer activity was determined using human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) by MTT assay, examining cytotoxicity, proliferation, and apoptosis. Phytochemical analysis revealed diverse secondary metabolites with quantifiable phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloidal content. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals (IC_₅₀ = 320 μg/mL) and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties through nitric oxide radical scavenging (IC_₅₀ = 28.76 ± 3.9 μg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid. In the cyclooxygenase inhibition assay, HAEPP showed moderate activity (IC_₅₀ = 22.43 μg/mL) with 32.72% relative potency compared to celecoxib (IC_₅₀ = 7.34 μg/mL, 100%). Furthermore, HAEPP exhibited potent concentration-dependent antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells (IC_₅₀ = 63.85 μg/mL). These findings suggest that hydroalcoholic extract of Pennisetum purpureum possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.

Assessing the Toxicity of Triethanolamine (TEA) in Consumer and Industrial Products: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Health Implications

Keerthana Chezhian — 2026-03-27

The wide use of triethanolamine (TEA) in consumer and industrial products, especially in cosmetics, personal care items, pharmaceuticals, and surfactants, has raised serious scientific concerns. This is mainly due to its potential toxicity with long-term and repeated exposure. TEA serves as a pH balancer, emulsifier, and surfactant. However, studies increasingly point out the risks of skin and eye irritation, allergic reactions, organ toxicity, and possible cancer risk when its levels or usage duration go beyond recommended safety limits. This research offers a bibliometric and scientometric evaluation of the global research landscape concerning TEA's toxicity, focusing on healthrelated effects for consumer safety and regulatory standards. A dataset of 176 documents from Scopus, 83 from Web of Science, and 79 from PubMed (2001–2025) was analyzed using VOSviewer and RStudio (Biblioshiny) to reveal research trends, key contributors, thematic Co-occurrence mapping reveals frequent connections between TEA, oxidative stress, cancer pathways, and skin toxicity.This study provides the first comprehensive overview of TEA toxicity research, offering important insights into current knowledge gaps, policy implications, and future avenues for interdisciplinary research aimed at balancing industrial use with health protection.

Integrative Computational Strategies for Protein Structure Prediction in the Rational Design of Cancer Therapeutics

Gollapudi Maadhvi — 2026-03-27

Precision oncology necessitates the identification of actionable molecular targets to facilitate personalized therapeutic strategies. In this study, we implemented an integrative computational framework that synergizes transcriptomic profiling with structural bioinformatics to uncover and validate putative cancer targets. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across various malignancies were extracted from NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and subjected to functional enrichment and pathway prioritization using the DAVID platform. High-confidence candidate proteins were structurally characterized via homology modeling using SWISS-MODEL, followed by domain architecture analysis and binding site prediction to assess draggability. This multistage pipeline enables the transition from gene-level perturbations to structure-guided therapeutic insights. The integration of gene expression analysis with three-dimensional protein modeling demonstrates a scalable and rational approach to target discovery, offering a foundation for structure-based drug design. Our findings underscore the potential of computational methodologies in advancing individualized cancer therapy and accelerating the preclinical development of targeted interventions.

Performance Evaluation of Paspalum dilatatum sp. leaf extracts from various solvents against the Selected Pathogenic Strains

Kalugotla Nagasurekha — 2026-03-27

The perennial species of grass Paspalum dilatatum is widely distributed and thrives in warm temperate to subtropical climates. Indigenous people have long utilized it for therapeutic purposes, demonstrating its significance in traditional medical practices. Its extensive root system improves erosion control, nutrient cycling, and soil aeration on slopes and disturbed areas. This shared knowledge has led to the increased application of Paspalum dilatatum in the treatment of various diseases and health issues, highlighting its importance in modern research settings. Empirical research and cross-cultural exchanges have helped to expand the knowledge of the bioactive compounds found in plant leaves and roots over time. The present work aims to separate and identify the bioactive ingredients found in various extraction with chloroform, acetone, ethanol, and petroleum ether of Paspalum dilatatum leaves. The resultant extracts were examined using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity revealed that all distinct concentration of extracts has strong inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. Further, insights from this research insists to perform therapeutic action and good candidate for breakthrough in medical field.

Valorization of Textile Waste into Bio-Briquettes: Comparative Calorific Analysis with Activated Carbon

Priyanka A — 2026-03-27

One of the major challenges encountered in recent years is the significant increase in the need for sustainable and renewable energy sources because nonrenewable resources such as coal, oil, fossil fuels, and natural gases have been exploited and are on the verge of depletion. By 2030, the world's population will reach over 8 billion people. The demand for fuel is rapidly increasing as fuel is indispensable and is needed in significant powering sectors like industries, transportation, and households. Most people cannot afford fossil fuels, notably kerosene and natural gas, leading to the exploitation of forest resources for wood to be used as charcoal. Each country's community needs an alternative energy source to reduce fossil fuel usage. Solid biofuels such as bio briquettes are a feasible alternative as they are eco-friendly and can be developed from sustainable organic wastes. The work focus on bio briquetting conversion of coir, textile waste which were collected from local tailoring shops in Chennai, Tamil Nadu includes cotton fabrics and cotton cloths, rice husks and corn starch as a binder to formulate a bio briquette which contains 40% of textile waste and 60% of organic waste. Calorific value is determined for the bio briquettes using bomb calorimeter. The energy values where within the range of 1585.53 Cal/g which was compared to activated charcoal 3000 Cal/g to 4000 Cal/g. This study shows that the produced bio briquettes can be used for fuel bio briquette production which is a source of sustainable energy generation. The energy leave of the bio briquettes could be increased further by using different binders. It is environmentally friendly, cost effective and affordable compared to fossil fuels.

Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Hybiscus rosa-sinensis Extracts with Enhanced Bioactivity

Renu Vajjiravelu — 2026-03-27

Nanotechnology offers new opportunities in biomedical and environmental research, with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) becoming popular due to their unique physical and chemical properties and diverse biological applications. In this study, CuONP were synthesised using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract through a green synthesis method, with phytochemicals serving as natural stabilisers. A colour change indicated the formation of CuONP, which was then characterised using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectra showed a strong absorption peak at 260-280 nm, confirming successful nanoparticle formation. FTIR identified hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkyl groups in plant compounds, while XRD confirmed the monoclinic crystalline structure of CuoNp. SEM images displayed disorganised, porous nanoparticles, with elemental composition verified by EDS. The biological properties of the synthesised CuONP were evaluated through various assays. The nanoparticles effectively inhibited α-amylase, suggesting potential anti-diabetic activity. Anti-inflammatory effects were demonstrated using bovine serum albumin and egg albumin denaturation assays, which showed dose-dependent reduction compared to the standard. The DPPH radicalscavenging assay revealed strong antioxidant activity, surpassing the standard at higher concentrations. Antimicrobial tests indicated mild inhibition against S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, and Candida albicans. Cytotoxicity assessment via the brine shrimp lethality assay demonstrated excellent biocompatibility at lower concentrations and mild toxicity at higher doses. CuONP synthesised with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis show promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and mild antimicrobial properties, highlighting their potential for biomedical and medicinal applications.

Comprehensive evaluation of a wound healing formulation incorporating Phyla nodiflora silver nanoparticles

Reshma Devi Senthilnathan — 2026-03-27

The developed hydrogel formulation incorporating Phyla nodiflora derived silver nano particle for wound healing application. LCMS analysis of the ethanolic extract identified key bioactive compounds that facilitated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Pn-Ag-Np). These nanoparticles were incorporated into a carbopol-based hydrogel and characterized using FTIR analyses to confirm structural integrity and compatibility. Stability studies for the formulated hydrogel conducted over three months demonstrated excellent viscosity retention, minimal variations in pH, and consistent drug content and In-vitro drug release studies at the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd months showed sustained release, with maximum permeation observed at 14 hours. SEM analysis confirmed nanoparticle sizes between 2.4 nm and 31.7 nm, ensuring uniform distribution within the hydrogel matrix. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging demonstrated significant free radical neutralization, while antiinflammatory studies, including proteinase inhibition, lipoxygenase inhibition, and protein denaturation assays, highlighted the formulation’s efficacy in modulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi bacteria, with strong antifungal action against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans. These findings suggest that the Phyla nodiflora silver nanoparticle hydrogel formulation is a promising wound healing agent with sustained drug release, potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and broadspectrum antimicrobial activity, making it a potential therapeutic option for enhanced wound care and tissue regeneration.

Scientific Advancements in Stem Cell Therapy for Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries-A Bibliometric Perspective

R. Srihari — 2026-03-27

Spinal cord injuries, particularly in the cervical region, pose significant clinical challenges due to their severe neurological impact and limited treatment options. In recent years, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach to promote regeneration and functional recovery. This bibliometric analysis aims to map global research trends related to stem cell therapy, cervical, and spinal cord injuries. Using data from major scientific databases, we examined publication outputs, citation patterns, and collaborative networks. Results show a sharp increase in publications over the past decade, with most of the research originating from the United States, China, and Europe. In the past two decades, the development of stem cells and regenerative medicine, as well as indepth research on the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, has brought new hope for its treatment. Keyword co-occurrence and trend analysis reveal a strong focus on neural regeneration, transplantation techniques, and clinical trial development. The cervical spinal cord remains a focal point due to its vulnerability and impact on quality of life. Our findings highlight not only current scientific advancements but also gaps in translational research and international collaboration. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the literature, guiding future directions in regenerative medicine and cervical spinal cord injury treatment using stem cell therapy.

Mapping Scientific Contributions to Gut Microbiota and Dairy Allergy Research: A Bibliometric Perspective

Suma Yashwitha Koduru — 2026-03-27

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in dairy allergy development through immune modulation involving genes like IL-10 and IL-22. This study presents a comprehensive Bibliometric analysis of gut microbiota and dairy allergy research across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (2015-2025). This analysis examined publication trends, Research hotspots, and collaborations among various countries, organisations, and authors. A total of 784 documents were analysed using cooccurrence networks for thematic mapping and co-authorship networks for collaborative patterns by employing VOS viewer and Biblioshiny in R Studio. Three dominant research clusters were related to immunological mechanisms involving IL-10/IL-22 regulation, diagnostic advancements using metagenomics, and therapeutic and dietary interventions using probiotics. The USA, China, and European nations emerged as leading contributors with exponential growth post-2020. Current trends highlight the microbiome-targeted therapies, including longitudinal microbiome studies and personalized nutrition approaches. The overall analysis provides a roadmap for future research, emphasizing the need for clinical trials combining multi-omics data with microbiota modulating strategies. The bibliometric framework provides a way for future research prioritization and policy development.

Antioxidant Potential of Optimized Aqueous Extract from Garcinia Parvifolia (Miq.) Dried Fruit Pericarp

Faizatul Isyraqiah — 2026-03-26

Introduction: Garcinia parvifolia (Miq.) or Takob-akob possesses various medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, and antiviral effects. Previous studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the plant's dried fruit pericarp extracted using organic and inorganic solvents. However, this extraction method is not suitable for direct consumption. To address this, a water-based extraction of G. parvifolia (Miq.) dried fruit pericarp was conducted to create a safe and halal product. Materials and methods: The extraction process involved varying parameters such as temperature (22.4°C, 60°C, and 85°C), solid-to-solvent ratio (1:4, 1:10, and 1:40 g/mL), and time (30 min and 120 min). The ideal temperature was used to determine the optimum solid-to-solvent ratio, and the optimum temperature and ratio were then used to determine the optimum time. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and expressed as inhibition percentage. Ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. Results: Aqueous-based extraction of G. parvifolia (Miq.) dried fruit pericarp with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:40 g/mL at room temperature for 120 minutes showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an inhibition percentage of 87.06%, equivalent to 142 μg/mL of ascorbic acid. Conclusion: This research has shown that the water-based extract of G. parvifolia (Miq.) dried fruit pericarp holds significant antioxidant capacity and has commercialization potential beyond just consumable products. Further exploration is needed to uncover additional health benefits of this fruit.

Biological activity and chemical characterization of ethanol extract from the leaf of Sphagneticola trilobata

Sundharaiyya Surendar — 2026-03-27

The study’s objective was to examine the antimicrobial activity of Sphagneticola trilobata opposition to therapeutically separated from human hazardous pathogens and to define its morphological characteristics. The extract was tested for its photochemical substance that was identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. The ethanolic extract's working properties were examined using FT-IR. In addition, the extract of ethanol demonstrated antibacterial activity against eight of the ten pathogens examined. At the maximum dose (100 g/ml), the ethanolic extract inhibited S.paratyphi with a maximal zone of 18 mm. The ethanolic extract had MIC values of 100, 80, 60, and 100 μg/ml against bacteria’s including K.oxytoca, V.cholerae, S.typhi, S. paratyphi, S.aureus , E.coli, and P. mirabilis. The MBC values of the ethanolic extract against bacterial pathogens demonstrated 80, 100, 100, 80, 60, 60, 40 and 60 μg/ml. S.trilobata's effective bacterial inhibition rate shows that it could be used as an antibiotic.

Bioactive Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Piper betle: A Green Route to Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Agents

Renu Vajjiravelu — 2026-03-27

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) are gaining interest due to their broadspectrum biological effects. Green synthesis using plants for medicinal purposes offers an ecological solution with improved biocompatibility. Piper betle, which is rich in biologically active phytochemicals, was used for the non-toxic production of CuONP. The water-soluble leaf extract of Piper betle was utilised as a reducing and stabilising agent in the synthesis of CuONP. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy. Standard in vitro tests assessed cellular functions, including inflammation, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties. Nanoparticle formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, showing an absorption peak at approximately 280 nm. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of functional groups such as -OH and -C=O, suggesting antioxidants contribute to the reduction process. XRD analysis revealed that CuO has a monoclinic crystalline structure, with average crystallite sizes ranging from 25 to 40 nm. SEM images showed predominantly spherical particles with minimal aggregation. Biologically, CuONP exhibited significant cytotoxic effects, strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, and effective antibacterial properties against various infections. The study demonstrates that Piper betle can be utilised to successfully produce eco-friendly CuONP with interesting morphological and biological features. Due to their multifunctional bioactivity and environmentally friendly synthesis, these nanoparticles have potential applications in biomedical fields.

Marine Plant-Based Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contamination: Insights from Scientometric Trends

Vedhalakshmi R Rajan — 2026-03-27

Traditional remediation processes are resource-intensive and disruptive, whereas phytoremediation presents an environmentally better approach. Nonetheless, its scalability, efficiency, and species-specific potential in the marine ecosystem are being investigated. Utilizing Scientometric applications like VOSviewer, Scopus / WoS / PubMed databases, we analyze 651 articles (2016-2025) to visualize research development, network collaboration between countries and authors, and upcoming technologies such as genetic engineering and microbiome-associated phytoremediation. Hyperaccumulator plants are promising but inefficient, depending on the heavy metals and environmental conditions. Advances in CRISPR-edited plants optimization are driving progress. Asia dominates publication, but field-scale applications are lagging. Phytoremediation’s potential for marine heavy metal cleanup is considerable, but it needs integration, policy support, and pilot-scale trials. Future research should focus on transgenic approaches, multi-metal resistance, and economic feasibility for global applicability.

Harnessing the Antibacterial Potential of Sphagneticola trilobatato Combat Human Bacterial Infections

Balu Vinayagamurthy — 2026-03-27

This study investigates the antibacterial potential of Sphagneticola trilobata leaf extract against various clinically important human pathogens. The methanolic extract exhibited notable antibacterial activity, with the highest zone of inhibition measuring 21 mm against Salmonella typhi at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for pathogens, including S. typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Paratyphi, Proteus mirabilis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were found to range from 40 to 100 μg/mL. Correspondingly, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values varied between 20 and 100 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening, supported by FT-IR and GC–MS analyses, revealed the presence of several bioactive functional compounds within the extract. The extract of broadspectrum antibacterial activity underscores its potential as a valuable candidate for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Further research is necessary to clarify its mechanisms of action and assess its applicability in therapeutic contexts.

Development of Antibacterial Face Masks Utilizing Biologically Synthesized Zinc Sulfate Nanoparticles from Bauhinia purpurea

Balu Vinayagamurthy — 2026-03-27

The aim of this study was to explore the development of antibacterial face masks utilizing biologically synthesized zinc sulfate nanoparticles sourced from the leaves of Bauhinia purpurea. The synthesized zinc sulfate nanoparticles were confirmed via UV– Vis spectral analysis, while their structural characteristics and morphology was examined through SEM and XRD analyses. The results confirmed the high stability and purity of the zinc nanoparticles. FTIR analysis verified the involvement of functional groups in the zinc nanoparticles. Furthermore, the antimicrobial efficacy of the produced zinc sulfate NPs was evaluated using the agar well diffusion process. The results demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy, with maximum zone of inhibition sizes of 21 mm, 22 mm, 24 mm, and 23 mm observed against S.aureus, E. faecalis, ps. aeruginosa, and E.coli, respectively, at a concentration of 125μg/ml. Subsequently, nanoparticle-coated masks were found to exhibit antimicrobial effects, effectively inhibiting the growth of contaminated microorganisms. These findings highlight the potential of zinc nanoparticles derived from plant extracts to combat various pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles was applied to coat masks, offering both safer breathing and protection against external microbes.

Evaluating Selection and Mutation Influences on Codon Usage Patterns in the Chloroplast Genomes of Amaranthus species

Bevin Nishanth J — 2026-03-27

Amaranthus is a genus characterized by taxonomic complexity and ecological diversity, gaining importance in agriculture and genomics. We report in-depth codon usage bias (CUB) analysis of 18 Amaranthus species chloroplast genomes to make inroads into the evolutionary forces responsible for their genomic structure. We analyzed various codon usage parameters, including relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENC), GC Content, nucleotide composition, and positional bias. Our results indicated a strong inclination towards A/T-ending codons and a generally AT-rich nucleotide composition, especially at the third codon position, across all species. The ENC values varied from 34.05 to 58.87, reflecting a moderate codon usage bias. Neutrality plot analysis revealed weak correlations between GC3 and GC12 (slope 0.095–0.141), implying that natural selection, rather than mutation pressure, predominantly influences codon preferences. ENC-GC3s plots corroborated this, with most genes positioned below the expected curve, and PR2-bias plots demonstrated an imbalance favoring T and G over A and C at the third codon position. Correspondence analysis (COA) further confirmed that both mutational and selective forces affect codon usage variation. We identified 31 high-frequency codons and 12 optimal codons, with speciesspecific codon preferences, indicating subtle evolutionary adaptations. This study offers new insights into the molecular evolution and codon optimization of Amaranthus, providing valuable information for phylogenetics, functional genomics, and biotechnological applications within the genus.

Extraction, chemical characterization and antibacterial potential of marine algae Galaxaura oblongata against clinically isolated human pathogens

Divya Vijayakumar — 2026-03-27

This study looked at the antibacterial efficacy of a methanol extract produced coming from G. Oblangata towards clinical isolated human pathogens. The chemical constituents of an extracts from methanol was examined by using phytochemicals and FTIR. Furthermore, methanol extract was tested for antibacterial activity against eleven human infections. At 100 μg/ml concentration, the methanol extract inhibited S. typhi with a maximal zone of 19mm. The MIC values for the methanolic extract were 100, 80, 100, 60, 100, 100, and 100 g/ml against infections caused by S. aureus, K. pneumoniae K. oxytoca, S. typhi, S. paratyphi, P. mirabilis, and S. pyogenes, respectively. The methanolic extract has MBC values of 100, 80, 100, 100, 60, 100, 100, and 100 μg/ml against strains of bacteria including S. typhi, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, E. coli, and S. paratyphi. These findings indicate that the extract of methanol from G. Oblangata is a good candidate for pharmaceutical research, opening the path for the development of powerful future antibiotics.

Scientometric analysis on persistent organic pollutant in aquatic system from 1984 -2025

J. S. Kiruthika — 2026-03-27

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are long-lasting synthetic chemicals that contaminate aquatic systems through agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater discharge. Their persistence, lipophilicity, and resistance to degradation enable long-range transport and extensive bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, ultimately exposing humans through seafood consumption. These pollutants are linked to reproductive disturbances, metabolic disruption, neurological impairment, and elevated chronic disease risks. This scientometric analysis examines global POP research in aquatic environments from 1984 to 2025 (data retrieved from scopus and WOS) evaluating publication growth, influential authors and institutions, collaboration patterns, and keyword evolution. Research output rose sharply after 2001, driven by increasing environmental awareness and advancements in analytical technologies. Keyword mapping highlights major themes such as bioaccumulation, toxicity, environmental monitoring, and emerging contaminants like microplastics. Collaboration trends show strong contributions from small and medium research groups, with citation impact influenced more by publication quality than quantity. Overall, POP research exhibits rapid interdisciplinary expansion and growing global relevance.

Chitosan Nanoparticles revealing their chemical characterization – Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial studies

Divya Vijayakumar — 2026-03-27

Chitosan is a biopolymer categories derived from the exoskeleton of crustaceans, has received much interest due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional properties. This study investigates the extraction and characterization of Placuna placenta chitosan, commonly known as the windowpane oyster, and shows its resistance antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Chitosan was extracted through a series of demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation processes the synthesis of a high-quality biopolymer. The structural features of chitosan were analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrometer, FTIR analysis. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power assays, which showed greater free radical inhibition compared to standard antioxidants. Additionally, using agar well diffusion, the antibacterial activity of chitosan was assessed against a selection of human clinical pathogens, including Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella paratyphi, Vibrio cholerae, and Klebsiella oxytoca. MBC and MIC were also assessed in this investigation, and the chitosan demonstrated a satisfactory antibacterial activity result.In study shows that the Placuna placenta is a cost-effective, non-toxic source of material possesses with antibacterial activity as well as antioxidant properties.